3 1942 Bobby Jones Golfer WW2 Army by Ray Platnick Old Photo Negative Lot 468A

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Authentic 4×5 original 3 negative lot as shown of Bobby Jones by famed photographer Ray Platnick. This negative lot is from the PM New York City Daily News between 1940 – 1948. Robert Tyre Jones Jr. was an American amateur golfer who was one of the most influential figures in the history of the sport; he was also a lawyer by profession. Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club, and co-founded the Masters Tournament. Robert Tyre Jones Jr. (March 17, 1902 – December 18, 1971) was an American amateur golfer who was one of the most influential figures in the history of the sport; he was also a lawyer by profession. Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club, and co-founded the Masters Tournament. The innovations that he introduced at the Masters have been copied by virtually every professional golf tournament in the world. Jones was the most successful amateur golfer ever to compete at a national and international level. During his peak from 1923 to 1930, he dominated top-level amateur competition, and competed very successfully against the world’s best professional golfers.[6] Jones often beat stars such as Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen, the era’s top pros. Jones earned his living mainly as a lawyer, and competed in golf only as an amateur, primarily on a part-time basis, and chose to retire from competition at age 28, though he earned significant money from golf after that, as an instructor and equipment designer. Explaining his decision to retire, Jones said, “It [championship golf] is something like a cage. First you are expected to get into it and then you are expected to stay there. But of course, nobody can stay there.”[7] Jones is most famous for his unique “Grand Slam,” consisting of his victory in all four major golf tournaments of his era (the open and amateur championships in both the U.S. & the U.K.) in a single calendar year (1930). In all Jones played in 31 majors, winning 13 and placing among the top ten finishers 27 times. After retiring from competitive golf in 1930, Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club soon afterwards in 1933. He also co-founded the Masters Tournament, which has been annually staged by the club since 1934 (except for 1943–45, when it was canceled due to World War II). The Masters evolved into one of golf’s four major championships. Jones came out of retirement in 1934 to play in the Masters on an exhibition basis through 1948. Jones played his last round of golf at East Lake Golf Club, his home course in Atlanta, on August 18, 1948. A picture commemorating the event now sits in the clubhouse at East Lake. Citing health reasons, he quit golf permanently thereafter. Bobby Jones was often confused with the prolific golf course designer, Robert Trent Jones, with whom he worked from time to time. “People always used to get them confused, so when they met, they decided each be called something different,” Robert Trent Jones Jr. said. To help avoid confusion, the golfer was called “Bobby,” and the golf course designer was called “Trent.”[8] Early life Jones, age 14 Jones at the Southern Open in New Orleans, 1919Jones was born on March 17, 1902, in Atlanta, Georgia. He battled health issues as a young boy, and golf was prescribed to strengthen him. Encouraged by his father, “Colonel” Robert Purmedus Jones, an Atlanta lawyer, Jones loved golf from the start. He developed quickly into a child prodigy who won his first children’s tournament at the age of six at his home course at East Lake Golf Club. In 1916, Jones won his first major golf event when he claimed the inaugural Georgia Amateur Championship conducted by the Georgia State Golf Association at the Capital City Club, in Brookhaven, at age 14. His victory at this event put him in the national spotlight for the first time. The Georgia Amateur win caught the eye of the United States Golf Association which awarded Jones his first invitation to the U.S. Amateur at Merion near Philadelphia. Jones advanced to the quarterfinals in his first playing in the event.[9] He was influenced by club professional Stewart Maiden, a native of Carnoustie, Scotland. Maiden was the professional at the Atlanta Athletic Club’s East Lake Golf Club, who also trained Alexa Stirling, the three-time winner of the U.S. Women’s Amateur, who was five years older than Jones but also a prodigy at East Lake.[10] Jones also received golf lessons from Willie Ogg when he was in his teenage years.[11] Jones played frequently with his father, a skilled golfer himself. The younger Jones sometimes battled his own temper on the course, but later controlled his emotions as he became more experienced.[12] Jones toured the U.S. during World War I from 1917 to 1918, playing exhibition matches before large crowds, often with Alexa Stirling and Perry Adair, to generate income for war relief. Playing in front of such crowds in these matches helped him, as he moved into national competition a bit later on.[citation needed] Jones successfully represented the United States for the first time, in two winning international amateur team matches against Canada, in 1919 and 1920, earning three of a possible four points in foursomes and singles play. In 1919 he traveled to Hamilton Golf and Country Club, for his first serious competitive action outside the U.S., while in 1920, Engineers Country Club, in Roslyn, Long Island, hosted the matches. Still a teenager, he was by far the youngest player in the series. Jones also played in the 1919 Canadian Open while in Hamilton, Ontario, performing very well to place tied for second, but 16 shots behind winner J. Douglas Edgar.[13] Edgar had immigrated from England in 1919 to take a club professional’s job in Atlanta at Druid Hills Golf Club; Edgar mentored and played frequently with Jones from 1919 to 1921. Edgar was credited by Jones with helping develop his game significantly.[14] Jones qualified for his first U.S. Open at age 18 in 1920, and was paired with the legendary Harry Vardon for the first two rounds.[15] He won the Southern Amateur three times: 1917, 1920, and 1922.[16] Jones earned his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Georgia Tech in 1922 and played for the varsity golf team, lettering all four years.[2][17] Jones was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and the Georgia Phi chapter house at Georgia Tech is named in his honor.[citation needed] He then earned an A.B. in English Literature from Harvard College in 1924, where he was a member of the Owl Club. In 1926 he entered Emory University School of Law and became a member of Phi Delta Phi.[18] After only three semesters he passed the Georgia bar exam and subsequently joined his father’s law firm, Jones, Evins, Moore and Howell, (predecessor to Alston & Bird), in Atlanta, Georgia.[19] GolfFirst majors Jones holding trophy at 1925 U.S. Amateur final British Open win 1930As an adult, he hit his stride and won his first U.S. Open in 1923. From that win at New York’s Inwood Country Club, through his 1930 victory in the U.S. Amateur, he won 13 major championships (as they were counted at the time) in 21 attempts.[19] Jones was the first player to win “The Double”, both the U.S. and British Open Championships in the same year (1926). He was the second (and last) to win the U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur in the same year (1930), first accomplished in 1916 by Chick Evans.[20] 1930: Grand SlamJones is the only player ever to have won the (pre-Masters) Grand Slam, or all four major championships, in the same calendar year (1930). Jones’s path to the 1930 Grand Slam title was: The Amateur Championship, Old Course at St Andrews, Scotland (May 31, 1930)The Open Championship, Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake, England (June 20, 1930)U.S. Open, Interlachen Country Club, Minnesota (July 12, 1930)U.S. Amateur, Merion Golf Club, Pennsylvania (September 27, 1930[21])Jones made a bet on himself achieving this feat with British bookmakers early in 1930, before the first tournament of the Slam, at odds of 50–1, and collected over $60,000 when he did it.[22] Walker CupJones represented the United States in the Walker Cup five times, winning nine of his 10 matches, and the U.S. won the trophy all five times. He served as playing captain of the U.S. team in 1928 and 1930. He also won two other tournaments against professionals: the 1927 Southern Open and the 1930 Southeastern Open. Jones was a lifelong member of the Atlanta Athletic Club (at the club’s original site, now the East Lake Golf Club), and the Capital City Club in Atlanta.[citation needed] SportsmanshipIn the first round of the 1925 U.S. Open at the Worcester Country Club near Boston, his approach shot to the 11th hole’s elevated green fell short into the deep rough of the embankment. As he took his stance to pitch onto the green, the head of his club brushed the grass and caused a slight movement of the ball. He took the shot, then informed his playing partner Walter Hagen and the USGA official covering their match that he was calling a penalty on himself. Hagen was unable to talk him out of it, and they continued play. After the round and before he signed his scorecard, officials argued with Jones but he insisted that he had violated Rule 18, moving a ball at rest after address, and took a 77 instead of the 76 he otherwise would have carded. Jones’s self-imposed one-stroke penalty eventually cost him the win by a stroke in regulation, necessitating a playoff, which he then lost. Although praised by many sports writers for his gesture, Jones was reported to have said, “You might as well praise me for not robbing banks.”[23][24][25][26] A similar event occurred in the next U.S. Open, played at the Scioto Country Club in Columbus, Ohio. In the second round, after his opening round put him in second place, Jones was putting on the 15th green in the face of a strong wind. After grounding his putter during address to square up the club face, the ball rolled a half turn in the wind when Jones lifted the club head to place it behind the ball. Although no one else observed this movement of the ball either, again Jones called a penalty on himself, but this time Jones went on to win the tournament, the second of his four U.S. Open victories.[27][28] St Andrews, ScotlandJones had a unique relationship with the town of St Andrews. On his first appearance on the Old Course in The Open Championship of 1921, he withdrew after 11 holes in the third round, when he failed to complete the hole (in effect disqualifying himself), and tore up his scorecard, although he finished the round and indeed played the fourth round as well. He firmly stated his dislike for The Old Course and the town reciprocated, saying in the press, “Master Bobby is just a boy, and an ordinary boy at that.” Later, he came to love the Old Course and the town like few others. When he won the Open at the Old Course in 1927, he wowed the crowd by asking that the trophy remain with his friends at the Royal and Ancient Golf Club rather than return with him to Atlanta. He won the British Amateur over The Old Course in 1930, and scored a double eagle 2 on the fourth hole (then a par-5, now a par-4), by holing a very long shot from a fairway bunker.[22] In 1958, he was named a Freeman of the City of St Andrews, becoming only the second American to be so honored, the other being Benjamin Franklin in 1759. As Jones departed Younger Hall with his honor, the assembly spontaneously serenaded him off to the traditional tune of Will Ye No Come Back Again? in a famously moving tribute.[29] Today, a scholarship exchange bearing the Jones name exists between the University of St Andrews and Emory University, Queen’s University, The University of Western Ontario and the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. At Emory, four students are sent to St Andrews for an all-expenses-paid year of study and travel. In return, Emory accepts four students from St Andrews each year. The program, the Robert T. Jones Scholarship, is among the most unusual scholarships offered by any university.[30] Turned professionalIn September 1930, a month and a half after his final U.S. Amateur victory, Jones turned professional. Though he did not intend to earn money from playing golf in pro tournaments, Jones intended to make money from instructional films and books. According to USGA rules, only professionals were allowed to make money from golf in any form.[31][32] In addition, Jones worked with J Victor East, an Australian of A.G. Spalding & Co., to develop the first set of matched steel-shafted clubs; the clubs sold very well and into the 1970s were still considered among the best-designed sets ever made.[15] Masters TournamentJones played in the first dozen Masters, through 1948, but only in the first as a contender. By then, his health at age 46 had declined to the stage where this was no longer possible. With his health difficulties, being past his prime, and not competing elsewhere to stay in tournament form, he never truly contended at the Masters, although his scores were usually respectable. These were almost all ceremonial performances, since his main duty was as host of the event. His extraordinary popularity, efforts with the course design, and tournament organization boosted the profile of the Masters significantly. The tournament, jointly run by Jones and Clifford Roberts, made many important innovations that became the norm elsewhere, such as gallery ropes to control the flow of the large crowds, many scoreboards around the course, the use of red / green numbers on those scoreboards to denote under / over par scores, an international field of top players, high-caliber television coverage, and week-long admission passes for patrons, which became extremely hard to obtain. The tournament also sought and welcomed feedback from players, fans, and writers, leading to continual improvement over the years. The Masters gradually evolved to being one of the most respected tournaments in the world, one of the four major championships.[33] Augusta National Golf ClubFollowing his retirement from competitive golf in 1930, and even in the years leading up to that, Jones had become one of the most famous sports figures in the world, and was recognized virtually everywhere he went in public. While certainly appreciative of the enormous adulation and media coverage, this massive attention caused Jones to lose personal privacy in golf circles, and he wished to create a private golf club where he and his friends could play golf in peace and quiet. For several years, he searched for a property near Atlanta where he could develop his own golf club. His friend Clifford Roberts, a New York City investment dealer, knowing of Jones’s desire, became aware of a promising property for sale in Augusta, Georgia, where Jones’s mother-in-law[34] had grown up, and informed Jones about it.[33] Jones first visited Fruitlands, an Augusta arboretum and indigo plantation since the Civil War era, in the spring of 1930,[22] and he purchased it for $70,000 in 1931, with the plan to design a golf course on the site.[35] Jones co-designed the Augusta National course with Alister MacKenzie; the new club opened in early 1933. He founded the Masters Tournament, first played at Augusta in March 1934. The new tournament, originally known as the Augusta National Invitational, was an immediate success, and attracted most of the world’s top players right from its start. Jones came out of retirement to play, essentially on an exhibition basis, and his presence guaranteed enormous media attention, boosting the new tournament’s fame.[33] Later, in 1947, he founded Peachtree Golf Club in Atlanta and co-designed the course with Robert Trent Jones.[36] Tournament wins (34)[37] 1908 East Lake Children’s Tournament1911 Junior Championship Cup of the Atlanta Athletic Club1915 Invitation Tournament at Roebuck Springs, Birmingham Country Club Invitation, Davis & Freeman Cup at East Lake, East Lake Club Championship, Druid Hills Club Championship1916 Georgia Amateur, Birmingham Country Club Invitation, Cherokee Club Invitation, East Lake Invitational1917 Southern Amateur1919 Yates-Gode Tournament1920 Davis & Freeman Cup at East Lake, Southern Amateur, Morris County Invitational1922 Southern Amateur1923 U.S. Open1924 U.S. Amateur1925 U.S. Amateur1926 The Open Championship, U.S. Open1927 Southern Open, The Open Championship, U.S. Amateur1928 Warren K. Wood Memorial, U.S. Amateur1929 U.S. Open1930 Southeastern Open, Golf Illustrated Gold Vase, The Amateur Championship, The Open Championship, U.S. Open, U.S. AmateurOpen and amateur-only majors shown in bold. Major championshipsWins (13)The Opens (7)YearChampionship54 holesWinning scoreMarginRunner(s)-up1923U.S. Open3 shot lead+8 (71–73–76–76=296)Playoff 1Scotland Bobby Cruickshank1926The Open Championship2 shot deficit(72–72–73–74=291)2 strokesUnited States Al Watrous1926U.S. Open3 shot deficit+5 (70–79–71–73=293)1 strokeUnited States Joe Turnesa1927The Open Championship4 shot lead(68–72–73–72=285)6 strokesJersey Aubrey Boomer, England Fred Robson1929U.S. Open3 shot lead+6 (69–75–71–79=294)Playoff 2United States Al Espinosa1930The Open Championship1 shot deficit(70–72–74–75=291)2 strokesUnited States Leo Diegel, Scotland Macdonald Smith1930U.S. Open5 shot lead−1 (71–73–68–75=287)2 strokesScotland Macdonald Smith1 Defeated Bobby Cruickshank in an 18-hole playoff: Jones 76 (+4), Cruickshank 78 (+6).2 Defeated Al Espinosa in a 36-hole playoff: Jones 72–69=141 (−3), Espinosa 84–80=164 (+20). The Amateurs (6)YearChampionshipWinning scoreRunner-up1924U.S. Amateur9 & 8United States George Von Elm1925U.S. Amateur8 & 7United States Watts Gunn1927U.S. Amateur8 & 7United States Chick Evans1928U.S. Amateur10 & 9England Philip Perkins1930The Amateur Championship7 & 6England Roger Wethered1930U.S. Amateur8 & 7United States Eugene V. HomansNational Amateur championships were counted as majors at the time. Jones’ actual major total using the standard in place in his lifetime was 13. U.S. national team appearances: amateurWalker Cup: 1922 (winners), 1924 (winners), 1926 (winners), 1928 (winners, playing captain), 1930 (winners, playing captain)[38]Results timelineThe majors of Jones’ time (those for which as an amateur he was eligible) were the U.S. and British Opens and Amateurs. Tournament191619171918191919201921192219231924192519261927192819291930U.S. OpenNTNTT8T5T2 LA1 LA2 LA2 LA1 LAT11 LA2 LA1 LA1 LAThe Open ChampionshipNTNTNTNTWD1 LA1 LA1 LAU.S. AmateurQFNTNT2 MSFQFSFR16 M112 M1 M1R32 M1 MThe Amateur ChampionshipNTNTNTNTR32QF1Jones retired after his Grand Slam in 1930, playing only his own tournament, The Masters. As an amateur golfer, he was not eligible to compete in the PGA Championship. Tournament193419351936193719381939194019411942194319441945194619471948Masters TournamentT13T2533T29T16T33WD40T28NTNTNTT32T5550 Win Top 10 Did not playM = MedalistLA = Low amateurNT = No tournamentWD = WithdrewR32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which Jones lost in amateur match play”T” indicates a tie for a place Sources for U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur,[39] British Open,[40] 1921 British Amateur,[41] 1926 British Amateur,[42] 1930 British Amateur,[43] and The Masters.[44] SummaryTournamentWins2nd3rdTop-5Top-10Top-25EventsCuts madeMasters Tournament00000312–U.S. Open440910111111The Open Championship30033343U.S. Amateur5221112131313The Amateur Championship1002233–Totals13622527334327Most consecutive cuts made – 21 (1916 U.S. Amateur – 1930 U.S. Amateur)Longest streak of top-10s – 14 (1921 U.S. Open – 1926 U.S. Amateur)Other recordsJones’s four titles in the U.S. Open remain tied for the most ever in that championship, along with Willie Anderson, Ben Hogan, and Jack Nicklaus. His four-second-place finishes in the U.S. Open place him second all-time with Sam Snead and Nicklaus. Phil Mickelson holds the dubious record with six (1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2013) second-place finishes. His five titles in the U.S. Amateur are a record. Jones was ranked as the fourth greatest golfer of all time by Golf Digest magazine in 2000. Nicklaus was first, Hogan second, and Snead third.[45] Jones was ranked as the third greatest golfer of all time in a major survey published by Golf Magazine, September 2009. Nicklaus was ranked first, with Tiger Woods second, Hogan fourth, and Snead fifth.[46] Films 1933 Goudey Sport Kings cardJones appeared in a series of short instructional films produced by Warner Brothers in 1931 titled How I Play Golf, by Bobby Jones (12 films) and in 1933 titled How to Break 90 (six films). The shorts were designed to be shown in theaters alongside feature films, whereby “would-be golfers of the country can have the Jones’ instruction for the price of a theater ticket.”[47] Jones indicated at the time of the making of the 1931 series that the films would be “designed as instructive” but not “so complicated that a non-golfer can’t understand them.”[47] The films were popular, and Jones gave up his amateur status while earning lucrative contract money for this venture.[32] These films were put into storage and were unavailable for decades, but a surviving print was located sixty years later and put into video format for preservation by Ely Callaway, a distant cousin of Jones’s.[citation needed] All 18 shorts were subsequently preserved and released in a DVD collection by Warner Archive on November 6, 2012. They also air occasionally on Turner Classic Movies, usually in the space between features. Actors and actresses, mostly under contract with Warner Brothers, but also from other studios, volunteered to appear in these 18 episodes. Some of the more well-known actors to appear in the instructional plots included James Cagney, Joe E. Brown, Edward G. Robinson, W.C. Fields, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Richard Barthelmess, Richard Arlen, Guy Kibbee, Warner Oland and Loretta Young. Various scenarios involving the actors were used to provide an opportunity for Jones to convey a lesson about a particular part of the game. The shorts were directed by the prolific George Marshall. Title list of the shortsHow I Play Golf[48] The Putter (April 26, 1931, Film Daily review)Chip Shots (April 26)The Niblick (May 31)The Mashie Niblick (June 5)Medium Irons (July 5)The Big Irons (July 12)The Spoon (July 19)The Brassie (August 1)The Driver (August 30)Trouble Shots (September 13)Practice Shots (September 27)A Round of Golf (September 4)How To Break 90[48] The Grip (April 17, 1933)Position and Backswing (May 15)Hip Action (May 20)Down Swing (The Downswing) (May 29)Impact (July 15)Fine Points (August 5)Jones was the subject of the quasi-biographical 2004 feature film Bobby Jones: A Stroke of Genius in which he was portrayed by Jim Caviezel.[48] The Jones legend was also used to create a supporting character in The Legend of Bagger Vance in 2000, portrayed by Joel Gretsch, and the event where he called his own penalty is used for the fictional protagonist, Rannulph Junuh.[citation needed] Books Time, August 31, 1925Jones authored several books on golf including Down the Fairway with Oscar Bane “O.B.” Keeler (1927), The Rights and Wrongs of Golf (1933), Golf Is My Game (1959), Bobby Jones on Golf (1966), and Bobby Jones on the Basic Golf Swing (1968) with illustrator Anthony Ravielli. The 300-copy limited edition of Down the Fairway is considered one of the rarest and most sought-after golf books by collectors. To keep this book readily available to golfers, Herbert Warren Wind included a reproduction of Down the Fairway in his Classics of Golf Library.[49] Jones has been the subject of several books, most notably The Bobby Jones Story and A Boy’s Life of Bobby Jones, both by O.B. Keeler. Other notable texts are The Life and Times of Bobby Jones: Portrait of a Gentleman by Sidney L. Matthew, The Greatest Player Who Never Lived by J. Michael Veron, and Triumphant Journey: The Saga of Bobby Jones and the Grand Slam of Golf by Richard Miller. Published in 2006, The Grand Slam by Mark Frost has received much note as being evocative of Jones’s life and times.[citation needed] Plaque at Georgia Tech honoring JonesHonorsJones was on the cover of Time magazine on August 31, 1925.In 1930, he received the first James E. Sullivan Award, awarded annually by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) to the most outstanding amateur athlete in the United States.[50]In 1981, the U.S. Postal Service issued an 18-cent stamp commemorating Jones.[51]Jones is considered one of the five giants of the 1920s American sports scene, along with baseball’s Babe Ruth, boxing’s Jack Dempsey, football’s Red Grange, and tennis player Bill Tilden.[52][53][54]He is the only sports figure to receive two ticker-tape parades in New York City, the first in 1926 and the second in 1930.Jones is memorialized with a statue in Augusta, Georgia, at the Golf Gardens [55]The Bobby Jones Expressway, also known as Interstate 520, is named after him.[56]The Georgia Phi chapter house at Georgia Tech is named in his honor.[citation needed]Jones was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974.[57]A special room is dedicated to Jones’s life and accomplishments at the United States Golf Association Museum and Arnold Palmer Center for Golf History in Far Hills, New Jersey.[citation needed]The USGA’s sportsmanship award is named the Bob Jones Award in his honor.In 1966, the governing board and membership of Augusta National passed a resolution naming Jones President in Perpetuity.[58]He was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1964.[59]Personal Mary and Bobby Jones Jones’s grave in Atlanta’s Oakland Cemetery, with putting green, golf balls, and mementosJones married Mary Rice Malone in 1924, whom he met in 1919 while a freshman at Georgia Tech. They had three children: Clara Malone, Robert Tyre III (1926–1973), and Mary Ellen (b. 1931).[60][61][62][63] When he retired from golf at age 28, he concentrated on his Atlanta law practice.[64] During World War II, Jones served as an officer in the U.S. Army Air Corps. His superiors wanted him to play exhibition golf in the United States, but Jones was insistent on serving overseas. In 1943 he was promoted to major and trained as an intelligence officer, serving in England with the 84th Fighter Wing, which was part of the Ninth Air Force. While in England, he made the acquaintance of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Landing in Normandy on June 7, 1944, Jones spent two months with a front line division as a prisoner of war interrogator, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel.[65] During the war, Jones permitted the U.S. Army to graze cattle on the grounds at Augusta National.[66] In 1948, Jones was diagnosed with syringomyelia, a fluid-filled cavity in the spinal cord that causes crippling pain, then paralysis; he was eventually restricted to a wheelchair. He died in Atlanta on December 18, 1971, three days after converting to Catholicism.[62] Jones was baptized on his deathbed by Monsignor John D. Stapleton, rector of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Atlanta, and attended by the Jones family was buried in Atlanta’s historic Oakland Cemetery.[67] His widow Mary died less than four years later in 1975 at age 72, following the death of their son, Robert T. Jones III, of a heart attack in 1973 at age 47.[68] Founded in 2013, Jones Global Sports designs, develops, and sells apparel, accessories and golf equipment. The company has an exclusive, worldwide license agreement with the family of Bobby Jones (known as Jonesheirs, Inc.) for the use of the Bobby Jones name.[69] In 2019 the family of Bobby Jones partnered with the Chiari & Syringomyelia Foundation to form the Bobby Jones Chiari & Syringomyelia Foundation (Bobby Jones CSF), a nonprofit which works to raise awareness of Chiari Malformation and syringomyelia and to search for a cure.[70] The Bobby Jones Classic golf tournament is an annual fundraiser that supports research and education efforts.[71] Augusta National Golf Club, sometimes referred to as Augusta National, Augusta, or the National, is a golf club in Augusta, Georgia, United States. Unlike most private clubs which operate as non-profits,[1] Augusta National is a for-profit corporation, and it does not disclose its income, holdings, membership list, or ticket sales.[5] Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts, the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie[3] and opened for play in 1932.[5] Since 1934, the club has played host to the annual Masters Tournament, one of the four men’s major championships in professional golf, and the only major played each year at the same course. It was the top-ranked course in Golf Digest’s 2009 list of America’s 100 greatest courses[6] and was the number ten-ranked course based on course architecture on Golfweek Magazine’s 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States.[7] In 2019, the course began co-hosting the Augusta National Women’s Amateur with Champions Retreat Golf Club.[8] HistoryAugusta National was founded in 1932 by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the 365-acre site of a former nursery/antebellum plantation called Fruitland (later Fruitlands).[9] Jones sought to create a world-class winter golf course in his native state of Georgia. During the first decade of the club’s existence, membership was low and finances were short due to the Great Depression and the relatively remote location of Augusta, forcing the duo to scrap future plans for a “ladies’ course”, squash and tennis courts, and various estates.[5] Its first club professional was Ed Dudley, who served in the role until 1957; Dudley was one of the top tournament professionals of his era, with 15 wins on the PGA Tour. The Masters was first held in 1934 in an attempt to attract crowds and players. Roberts persuaded Jones, then retired, to return to play in the tournament. (Jones initially was against the name Masters.)[5] In 1948, Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife Mamie were personally invited to Augusta by Roberts. Eisenhower took a liking to the club, becoming a member, and hired Roberts as his executor and financial advisor, who had a house (Eisenhower Cabin) constructed for Eisenhower on the grounds. During his presidency, Eisenhower visited Augusta National 29 times.[5] Facilities and grounds The 10th fairway and green in 2006Augusta is renowned for its well-maintained impeccable appearance: pine needles are imported, bird sounds are played on inconspicuous speakers, and even the ponds were once dyed blue.[5] The club is famed for its azaleas and dogwoods.[1] Rules and policies imposed on employees, club members, and visitors (referred to internally as “patrons”) are notoriously strict. No cell phones or other electronic devices are permitted (except in the press building—spot checks are performed elsewhere); no running or loud talking is allowed; and spectators are not allowed to cheer when a player makes a mistake.[5] Security guards enforce these rules, and are traditionally provided by Pinkerton.[5] Rule-breakers are permanently banned, if not prosecuted when possible.[1] Other notable facilities include Butler Cabin, near hole 18, “a place of staggering charmlessness and aesthetic death”[10] in a former plantation house where tournament winners are presented with a green jacket; the clubhouse, near hole 1, which dates to the 1850s and has a well-stocked wine cellar; and a practice range.[5] Three large cabins on the property are reserved for tournament sponsors—as of 2020, Mercedes-Benz, IBM, and AT&T. The club’s on-site press building has television studios, a complimentary restaurant and snack options, staffed bathrooms, and leather chairs.[5] Cameras placed throughout the course are directly connected to the press building’s studios via underground cables.[1] Berckmans PlaceBerckmans Place, sometimes called Berckmans or BP,[11] is a 90,000-sq.-ft. non-public shopping and dining complex built in 2012. It operates for one week each year, during the Masters. Entry passes for the week cost $10,000 (up from $6,000)[12] and require Augusta National’s approval; there is a 10-ticket limit.[11] As in the rest of the club, neither cell phones nor photography are allowed. The price includes free dining at Berckmans’ five full-service restaurants, each of which can seat hundreds of guests: Augusta’s Seafood,[13] Calamity Jane’s, Ike’s Place, MacKenzie’s Pub, and the Pavilion. Bathroom stalls are attended and cleaned after each use.[5] There is a pro shop[12] and four putting greens dubbed the “Putting Experience”: three slightly smaller replicas of holes 7, 14, and 16; and a “composite course”.[11][12][13] BP customers can use an exclusive parking lot and entryway (Gate 9).[11] The complex is located near hole 5.[14] Berckmans Place is named after Belgian Louis Mathieu Berckmans, whose family owned the land the club is built on from 1858 to 1910.[15] Course Layout of Augusta National Golf ClubThe course was formerly a plant nursery,[16] and each hole on the course is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated. Several of the holes on the first nine have been renamed, as well as hole #11.[17] HoleNameYardsParHoleNameYardsPar1Tea Olive445410Camellia49542Pink Dogwood575511White Dogwood52043Flowering Peach350412Golden Bell15534Flowering Crab Apple240313Azalea54555Magnolia495414Chinese Fir44046Juniper180315Firethorn55057Pampas450416Redbud17038Yellow Jasmine570517Nandina44049Carolina Cherry460418Holly4654Front3,76536Back3,78036Source:[3][18]Total7,54572Masters CourseTeeRating/Slope123456789Out101112131415161718InTotalPar454343454364435453443672Masters445575350240495180450570460376549552015554544055017044046537807545Member365515340170400165330480395316045040014545538047514537038532056365Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade: 2020: 7,475 yards (6,835 m)2010: 7,435 yards (6,799 m)2000: 6,985 yards (6,387 m)1990: 6,905 yards (6,314 m)1980: 7,040 yards (6,437 m)1970: 6,980 yards (6,383 m)1960: 6,980 yards (6,383 m)1950: 6,900 yards (6,309 m)1940: 6,800 yards (6,218 m)[3]Unlike most other private or public golf courses in the US, Augusta National has never been rated. During the 1990 Masters Tournament, a team of USGA raters, organized by Golf Digest, evaluated the course and gave it an unofficial rating of 76.2. It was re-evaluated in 2009 and given an unofficial rating of 78.1.[4] The course’s greens are meticulously maintained to provide a fast and hard golfing surface.[5] This firmness is assisted by an underground irrigation and ventilation system known as the SubAir System, developed and installed in 1994[19] by course superintendent Marsh Benson.[5] SubAir soon evolved into its own company in nearby Graniteville, South Carolina, designing and installing similar automatic water suction systems in venues such as Pebble Beach, East Lake, Citi Field, and Citizens Bank Park.[1][19] The bunkers are filled not with traditional sand but with granulated quartz (known as “Spruce Pine sand” and SP55[20]) which is produced as a byproduct during work at feldspar mines in the Spruce Pine Mining District in and around Spruce Pine, North Carolina.[5] Augusta has been using Spruce Pine sand to fill its forty-four bunkers since the early 1970s, when Clifford Roberts visited Linville Golf Club in Linville, North Carolina, which used the material at the time. Since the mining company providing the sand refused payment, in exchange Roberts offered to host the company owner at Augusta at any time, and later gifted him six Masters passes.[20] The golf course architecture website GolfClubAtlas.com has said, “Augusta National has gone through more changes since its inception than any of the world’s twenty or so greatest courses. To call it a MacKenzie course is false advertising as his features are essentially long gone and his routing is all that is left.” The authors of the site also add that MacKenzie and Jones were heavily influenced by the Old Course at St Andrews, and intended that the ground game be central to the course. Almost from Augusta’s opening, Roberts sought to make changes to minimize the ground game, and effectively got free rein to do so because MacKenzie died shortly after the course’s opening and Jones went into inactivity due to World War II and then a crippling illness. The authors add that “[w]ith the ground game gone, the course was especially vulnerable to changes in technology, and this brought on a slew of changes from at least 15 different ‘architects’.”[21] Golf Course Histories has an aerial comparison of the architectural changes for Augusta National Golf Club for the year 1938 versus 2013.[22] Among the changes to the course were several made by architect Perry Maxwell in 1937, including an important alteration involving the current 10th hole. When Augusta National originally opened for play in January 1933, the opening hole (now the 10th) was a relatively benign par 4 that played just in excess of 400 yards. From an elevated tee, the hole required little more than a short iron or wedge for the approach. Maxwell moved the green in 1937 to its present location—on top of the hill, about 50 yards back from the old site—and transformed it into the toughest hole in Masters Tournament history. Ben Crenshaw referred to Maxwell’s work on the 10th hole as “one of the great strokes in golf architecture”.[23] For the 1999 tournament, a short rough was instated around the fairways. Referred to as the second cut,[5] it is substantially shorter than the comparable primary rough at other courses, with an average length of 1.625 in (4.13 cm). It is meant to reduce a player’s ability to control the ball coming out of this lie, and encourage better accuracy for driving onto the fairway.[24][25] Amen CornerThe second shot at the 11th, all of the 12th, and the first two shots at the 13th hole at Augusta are nicknamed “Amen Corner”. This term was first used in print by author Herbert Warren Wind[5] in his April 21, 1958, Sports Illustrated article about the Masters that year.[26] In a Golf Digest article in April 1984, 26 years later, Wind told about its origin. He said he wanted a catchy phrase like baseball’s “hot-corner” or American football’s “coffin-corner” to explain where some of the most exciting golf had taken place (the Palmer-Venturi rules issue at twelve, over an embedded ball ruling and how it was handled,[27] in particular). Thus “Amen Corner” was born. He said it came from the title of a jazz record he had heard in the mid-1930s by a group led by Chicago’s Mezz Mezzrow, Shouting in that Amen Corner.[28] In a Golf Digest article in April 2008, writer Bill Fields offered new updated information about the origin of the name. He wrote that Richard Moore, a golf and jazz historian from South Carolina, tried to purchase a copy of the old Mezzrow 78 RPM disc for an “Amen Corner” exhibit he was putting together for his Golf Museum at Ahmic Lake, Ontario. After extensive research, Moore found that the record never existed. As Moore put it, Wind, himself a jazz buff, must have “unfortunately bogeyed his mind, 26 years later”. While at Yale, he was no doubt familiar with, and meant all along, the popular version of the song (with the correct title, “Shoutin’ in that Amen Corner” written by Andy Razaf), which was recorded by the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra, vocal by Mildred Bailey (Brunswick label No. 6655) in 1935. Moore told Fields that, being a great admirer of Wind’s work over the years, he was reluctant, for months, to come forth with his discovery that contradicted Wind’s memory. Moore’s discovery was first reported in Golf World magazine in 2007, before Fields’ longer article in Golf Digest in 2008. In 1958, Arnold Palmer outlasted Ken Venturi to win the tournament with heroic escapes at Amen Corner. Amen Corner also played host to Masters moments such as Byron Nelson’s birdie-eagle at 12 and 13 in 1937, and Sam Snead’s water save at 12 in 1949 that sparked him to victory. On the flip side of fate, Jordan Spieth’s quadruple bogey on 12 during Sunday’s final round in 2016 cost him his 2-stroke lead and ultimately the championship. “The Big Oak Tree””The Big Oak Tree” is on the golf course side of the clubhouse and was planted in the 1850s.[29] Eisenhower TreeMain article: Eisenhower Tree Eisenhower Tree in 2011Also known as the “Eisenhower Pine”, a loblolly pine was located on the 17th hole, about 210 yards (190 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down.[30] Not wanting to offend the president, the club’s chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. In February 2014, the Eisenhower Tree was removed after suffering extensive damage during an ice storm.[31] Ike’s PondDuring a visit to Augusta National, then-General Eisenhower returned from a walk through the woods on the eastern part of the grounds, and informed Clifford Roberts that he had found a perfect place to build a dam if the club would like a fish pond. Ike’s Pond was built for Eisenhower to fish in and named after him; the dam is located just where Eisenhower said it should be.[32] Roberts died of suicide next to Ike’s Pond on September 29, 1977.[5][33] Rae’s CreekRae’s Creek cuts across the southeastern corner of the Augusta National property. Rae’s Creek runs in front of No. 12 green, has a tributary evident at No. 13 tee, and flows at the back of No. 11 green. This is the lowest point in elevation of the course. The Hogan and Nelson Bridges cross the creek after the 12th and 13th tee boxes, respectively. The creek was named after former property owner John Rae, who died in 1789.[34] It was Rae’s house which was the farthest fortress up the Savannah River from Fort Augusta. The house kept residents safe during Indian attacks when the fort was out of reach. Real estateOver the decades, Augusta National has bought and redeveloped nearby land. From 1999 to 2019, the club spent about $200 million to buy 100 separate properties totaling over 270 acres, some more than a mile distant from the club proper.[14] Most purchases are arranged via LLCs connected to Augusta National in order to obfuscate the transaction’s details.[35] More than a dozen of these LLCs are known to exist, and up to five may be involved in a single purchase.[35] Augusta National ultimately purchases each LLC, acquiring its land holdings and keeping the real estate price away from public records.[14] Non-disclosure agreements are also commonly employed.[14] Augusta National has acquired, demolished, and redeveloped entire strip centers and residential blocks.[36] The organization helped finance a project to re-route Berckmans Road.[35] The club also built a large tunnel underneath Washington Road connecting to a Global Communication Center that was first used in the 2021 Masters Tournament. The tunnel was built without ever impeding traffic on Washington Rd above, and is large enough for an 18 wheeler to drive through.[14] Because Augusta National has spent so much to acquire land, homeowners in Richmond County have had to apply for special property tax assessments in order to negate the effects of the club’s activities.[14] Investors have also begun to purchase property and condos next to Augusta National.[35] MembershipAugusta National Golf Club has about 300 members at any given time. Membership is strictly by invitation: there is no application process. In 2004, USA Today published a list of all the current members.[37] Membership is believed to cost between $100,000 and $300,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2020 to be less than $30,000 per year.[38] Club members are sometimes referred to as “green jackets”.[5] For decades, the club barred membership to African Americans. “As long as I’m alive,” said co-founder Roberts, who subsequently served as the club’s chairman, “all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black.”[39] Augusta invited and accepted its first African-American member, television executive Ron Townsend,[40] in 1990 after Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club,[41] an all-white golf club in Alabama, refused membership to African-Americans. The club also faced demands that the PGA Championship not be held there because of racist comments by the club’s founder.[42] In his 2012 pre-Masters press conference, Chairman Billy Payne declined to discuss the club’s refusal to admit women.[43][44] He defended the club’s position by noting that in 2011, more than 15% of the non-tournament rounds were played by women who were guests or spouses of active members.[43] However, on August 20, 2012, Augusta National admitted its first two female members: Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore.[45][46] Notable membersNotable current members include: Warren Buffett, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway[37][47]Pete Coors, former chairman and CEO of Coors Brewing Company and Molson Coors Brewing Company[37]David Farr, chairman and CEO of Emerson Electric CompanyBill Gates, co-founder and chairman of Microsoft[1][47]Lou Gerstner, former IBM executive[1]Roger Goodell, commissioner of the National Football League[5][48]Pat Haden, former NFL player and former athletic director at the University of Southern California[49]Lou Holtz, former college football coach[37]Rob Manfred, Commissioner of Major League Baseball[50]Peyton Manning, former NFL player[51]Hugh L. McColl Jr., former CEO of Bank of America[47]Darla Moore, South Carolina businesswoman[45]Jack Nicklaus, Hall of Fame golfer, six-time Masters champion, and the only Masters champion who is currently a regular member of the club[52]Sam Nunn, former United States Senator from Georgia[5][37][47]Sam Palmisano, former CEO of IBM[37][47]Condoleezza Rice, former United States Secretary of State[45]James D. Robinson III, former CEO of American Express[47]Ginni Rometty, chair, president, and CEO of IBMMatt Rose, former CEO of BNSF RailwayLynn Swann, former NFL player[53]Rex Tillerson, former United States Secretary of State, former chairman and CEO of ExxonMobil[5]Toby S. Wilt, TSW Investments[54]Deceased members include: Frank Broyles, college football coach and athletic director at the University of Arkansas[55]Dwight D. Eisenhower[5]Freeman Gosden, radio performer and comedian[5]Melvin Laird, United States Secretary of DefenseArnold Palmer, World Golf Hall of Fame member and four-time Masters champion, was also a regular member of the club[52]Robert Sumner, pastor and authorT. Boone Pickens, Jr., oil tycoon[37][47]Jack Welch, CEO of General Electric[1][56]Jock Whitney, ambassador and philanthropist who helped finance the film Gone with the Wind[5]Robert W. Woodruff, president of The Coca-Cola Company and philanthropist[5]W. Thomas Rice, major general, railroad executive and co-founder of CSX[57]ChairmenClifford Roberts (1931–1976)William Lane (1976–1980)Hord Hardin (1980–1991)Jackson T. Stephens (1991–1998)Hootie Johnson (1998–2006)Billy Payne (2006–2017)Fred Ridley (2017–present)[5]Chairmen serve for an indefinite amount of time. The chairman is the only person officially authorized to publicly discuss the Masters.[5] In 1966, the governing board of Augusta National passed a resolution honoring founder Bobby Jones with the position of President in Perpetuity. 2002 membership controversyAugusta National and its then-Chairman Hootie Johnson are widely known for their disagreement, beginning in 2002, with Martha Burk, then chair of the Washington-based National Council of Women’s Organizations; the dispute arose over Augusta National’s refusal to admit female members to the club.[58] Burk said she found out about the club’s policies in a USA Today column by Christine Brennan published April 11, 2002. She then wrote a private letter to Johnson, saying that hosting the Masters Tournament at a male-only club constituted sexism.[59] Johnson characterized Burk’s approach as “offensive and coercive”.[60][61] The club hired consulting firm WomanTrend which ran a survey and found that “Augusta National’s membership policies were not topmost on the list of women’s concerns”; the poll was called “unethical” by Burk.[62] Responding to efforts to link the issue to sexism and civil rights,[60] Johnson maintained that the issue had to do with the rights of any private club:[60][63] Our membership is single gender just as many other organizations and clubs all across America. These would include Junior Leagues, sororities, fraternities, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and countless others. And we all have a moral and legal right to organize our clubs the way we wish.[64] Burk, whose childhood nickname was also Hootie,[65] claimed to have been “called a man hater, anti-family, lesbian, all the usual things.”[59] Johnson was portrayed as a Senator Claghorn type[66]—”a blustery defender of all things Southern”.[66] Following the discord, two club members resigned: Thomas H. Wyman, a former CEO of CBS, and John Snow, when President George W. Bush nominated him to serve as Secretary of the Treasury.[59] Pressure on corporate sponsors led the club to broadcast the 2003 and 2004 tournaments without commercials. The controversy was discussed by the International Olympic Committee when re-examining whether golf meets Olympic criteria of a “sport practiced without discrimination with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play”.[67] Augusta National extended membership to Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore on August 20, 2012.[45] In 2018, chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would establish the Augusta National Women’s Amateur Championship in 2019, a 54-hole event for the world’s top amateur players.[68] Green jacketEvery member of Augusta National receives a green sport coat with the club’s logo on the left breast. Members are required to wear them during the tournament, and the jackets are not allowed to be removed from the grounds.[5] The idea of the green jacket originated with club co-founder Clifford Roberts. Many believe it is because he wanted patrons visiting during the tournament to be able to readily identify members. Since Sam Snead’s victory in 1949, the winner of each year’s Masters Tournament has received a green jacket, although he does not receive membership. The jacket is presented to the new winner by the winner of the previous tournament. If the previous champion is either unavailable or has won consecutive tournaments, then the current chairman acts as the presenter. Until 1967, the jackets were manufactured by Brooks Brothers and since have been made by Hamilton of Cincinnati, Ohio, with the imp wool produced at the Victor Forstmann plant in Dublin, Georgia.[69] The current Masters champion is the only owner of a green jacket permitted to remove it from the grounds of Augusta National, and only for a period of one year. Before this time limit was in place, the jacket of a few long-past Masters champions had been sold, after their deaths, to collectors. Consequently, the members of Augusta National have gone to great lengths to secure the remaining examples. Now, two jackets remain outside the grounds of Augusta National with the club’s permission. When Gary Player first won the Masters in 1961, he brought his jacket home to South Africa. For years the board insisted that Player return the jacket but Player kept “forgetting” or coming up with humorous creative excuses why he did not return the jacket. After becoming something of a running joke, Augusta National’s members allowed him to keep it, where it is on display in his personal museum. The second jacket belongs to 1938 champion Henry Picard. Before the traditions were well established, the jacket was removed by Picard from Augusta National. It is now currently on display in the “Picard Lounge” at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio. Along with Snead, the nine previous winners were also awarded green jackets in 1949, and these became known as the “original ten” jackets.[70] Horton Smith’s jacket, awarded for his wins in 1934 and 1936, sold at auction in September 2013 for over $682,000; the highest price ever paid for a piece of golf memorabilia.[71][72] Smith died at age 55 in 1963 and it had been in the possession of his brother Ren’s stepsons for decades.[70] The trademarked green shade is specified as Pantone 342.[73] CaddiesAugusta National employs a staff of caddies to assist members, guests, and professionals. Augusta’s caddie staff wears trademark white jumpsuits year-round. Before 1983,[74] staff caddies were assigned to players at the Masters.[75] All four majors and some tour events required the use of the host club’s caddies well into the 1970s[76][77][78]—the U.S. Open had this policy through 1975[79][80]—but by 1980, only the Masters and the Western Open near Chicago retained the requirement.[81] Well-known caddies during this time period include Nathaniel “Iron Man” Avery, Carl Jackson, and Willie “Pappy” Stokes. More unusually, Augusta employed only black men as caddies. Club co-founder Clifford Roberts once said, “As long as I’m alive, all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black.”[82] Roberts killed himself at Augusta in 1977; five years later, in November 1982, chairman Hord Hardin announced that players were henceforth permitted to use their regular caddies at the Masters.[83] The announcement arrived seven months after the 1982 tournament, during which many caddies, confused by a Thursday rain delay, failed to show up at the proper time on Friday morning;[84] Hardin received scathing complaint letters from two-time champion Tom Watson and others.[85][86] In 1983, 12 players employed club caddies, including then-five-time champion Jack Nicklaus, defending champion Craig Stadler, and future two-time champion Ben Crenshaw.[86][87] The first female caddie at Augusta was George Archer’s daughter Elizabeth in 1983, her 21st event carrying the bag for her father.[86][88] Archer, the 1969 champion, tied for twelfth, one of his better finishes at Augusta. Today, female caddies remain rare at Augusta and on the PGA Tour; most of the women caddies are professional golfers’ regular caddies, such as Fanny Sunesson, who has caddied for several players at the Masters, most notably three-time champion Nick Faldo, and in 2019, Henrik Stenson.[89] During the pre-tournament events in 2007, Golf Channel’s Kelly Tilghman caddied for Arnold Palmer in the par-3 contest. Fuzzy Zoeller’s daughter Gretchen was his caddie for his last year as a competitor in the tournament in 2009. Tennis pro Caroline Wozniacki, then-fiancée of Rory McIlroy, caddied for him in the par-3 contests of 2013 and 2014. The Masters Tournament (usually referred to as simply the Masters, or as the U.S. Masters outside North America)[2][3] is one of the four men’s major golf championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week in April, the Masters is the first major golf tournament of the year. Unlike the other major tournaments, the Masters is always held at the same location: Augusta National Golf Club, a private course in the city of Augusta, Georgia. Amateur golf champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts founded the Masters Tournament.[4] After his grand slam in 1930, Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie.[1] First played in 1934, the Masters is an official money event on the PGA Tour, the European Tour, and the Japan Golf Tour. The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event, held by the Augusta National Golf Club. The tournament has a number of traditions. Since the 1949, a green jacket has been awarded to the champion, who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory, although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions’ jackets in a specially designated cloakroom. In most instances, only a first-time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds. A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket.[5] The Champions Dinner, inaugurated by Ben Hogan at the 1952 Masters Tournament, is held on the Tuesday before each Masters and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club. Beginning in 1963, legendary golfers, usually past champions, have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play. These have included Fred McLeod, Jock Hutchinson, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, Byron Nelson, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Elder, and Tom Watson. Since 1960, a semi-social contest on the par-3 course has been played on Wednesday, the day before the first round. Nicklaus has the most Masters wins, with six between 1963 and 1986. Tiger Woods won five between 1997 and 2019. Palmer won four between 1958 and 1964. Five have won three titles at Augusta: Jimmy Demaret, Sam Snead, Gary Player, Nick Faldo, and Phil Mickelson. Player, from South Africa, was the first non-American player to win the tournament, in 1961; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain, the champion in 1980 and 1983. The Augusta National course first opened in 1933 and has been modified many times by different architects. Among the changes: greens have been reshaped and, on occasion, entirely re-designed, bunkers have been added, water hazards have been extended, new tee boxes have been built, hundreds of trees have been planted, and several mounds have been installed.[6] History Masters logo at the club entranceAugusta National Golf ClubMain article: Augusta National Golf ClubThe idea for Augusta National originated with Bobby Jones, who wanted to build a golf course after his retirement from the game. He sought advice from Clifford Roberts, who later became the chairman of the club. They came across a piece of land in Augusta, Georgia, of which Jones said: “Perfect! And to think this ground has been lying here all these years waiting for someone to come along and lay a golf course upon it.”[7] The land had been an indigo plantation in the early nineteenth century and a plant nursery since 1857.[8] Jones hired Alister MacKenzie to help design the course, and work began in 1931. The course formally opened in 1933, but MacKenzie died before the first Masters Tournament was played.[9] Early tournament yearsThe first “Augusta National Invitation Tournament”, as the Masters was originally known, began on March 22, 1934, and was won by Horton Smith, who took the first prize of $1,500. The present name was adopted in 1939. The first tournament was played with current holes 10 through 18 played as the first nine, and 1 through 9 as the second nine[10] then reversed permanently to its present layout for the 1935 tournament.[4] Initially the Augusta National Invitation field was composed of Bobby Jones’ close associates. Jones had petitioned the USGA to hold the U.S. Open at Augusta but the USGA denied the petition, noting that the hot Georgia summers would create difficult playing conditions.[11] Gene Sarazen hit the “shot heard ’round the world” in 1935, holing a shot from the fairway on the par 5 15th for a double eagle (albatross).[12] This tied Sarazen with Craig Wood, and in the ensuing 36-hole playoff, Sarazen was the victor by five strokes.[13] Byron Nelson won the first of two Masters titles in 1937. Jimmy Demaret won three times as did Sam Snead in the 1940s and 1950s. Ben Hogan won the 1951 and 1953 Masters and was runner-up on four occasions. In 1940, Clifford Roberts, chairmain of the Masters, stated that the Masters was one of the top tournaments in the United States, if not the biggest. He stated, “I am told that the Masters has outdistanced in attendance both the U.S. Amateur and the PGA.”[14] The tournament was not played from 1943 to 1945, due to World War II. To assist the war effort, cattle and turkeys were raised on the Augusta National grounds.[4] 1960s–1970sThe Big Three of Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978, winning the event 11 times between them during that span. After winning by one stroke in 1958,[13] Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances. Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event, Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail. Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964.[13] Jack Nicklaus at the 2006 par 3 contestNicklaus emerged in the early 1960s and served as a rival to the popular Palmer. Nicklaus won his first green jacket in 1963, defeating Tony Lema by one stroke.[15] Two years later, he shot a then-course record of 271 (17 under par) for his second Masters win, leading Bobby Jones to say that Nicklaus played “a game with which I am not familiar.”[16] The next year, Nicklaus won his third green jacket in a grueling 18-hole playoff against Tommy Jacobs and Gay Brewer.[17] This made Nicklaus the first player to win consecutive Masters. He won again in 1972 by three strokes.[13] In 1975, Nicklaus won by one stroke in a close contest with Tom Weiskopf and Johnny Miller in one of the most exciting Masters to date.[18] Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in 1961, beating Palmer, the defending champion, by one stroke when Palmer double-bogeyed the final hole.[13] In 1974, he won again by two strokes.[13] After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years, and at the age of 42, Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players.[13] Player currently shares (with Fred Couples and Tiger Woods) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts, and has played in a record 52 Masters.[19][20] A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968. Argentine champion Roberto De Vicenzo signed his scorecard (attested by playing partner Tommy Aaron) incorrectly recording him as making a par 4 instead of a birdie 3 on the 17th hole of the final round. According to the rules of golf, if a player signs a scorecard (thereby attesting to its veracity) that records a score on a hole higher than what he actually made on the hole, the player receives the higher score for that hole. This extra stroke cost De Vicenzo a chance to be in an 18-hole Monday playoff with Bob Goalby, who won the green jacket. De Vicenzo’s mistake led to the famous quote, “What a stupid I am.”[13][21] In 1975, Lee Elder became the first African American to play in the Masters,[22] doing so 15 years before Augusta National admitted its first black member, Ron Townsend, as a result of the Shoal Creek Controversy.[23] 1980s–2000sNon-Americans collected 11 victories in 20 years in the 1980s and 1990s, by far the strongest run they have had in any of the three majors played in the United States since the early days of the U.S. Open. The first European to win the Masters was Seve Ballesteros in 1980. Nicklaus became the oldest player to win the Masters in 1986 when he won for the sixth time at age 46.[13][24] During this period, no golfer suffered more disappointment at the Masters than Greg Norman. In his first appearance at Augusta in 1981, he led during the second nine but ended up finishing fourth. In 1986, after birdieing holes 14 through 17 to tie Nicklaus for the lead, he badly pushed his 4-iron approach on 18 into the patrons surrounding the green and missed his par putt for a closing bogey. In 1987, Norman lost a sudden-death playoff when Larry Mize holed out a remarkable 45-yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole. Mize thus became the first Augusta native to win the Masters.[25] In 1996, Norman tied the course record with an opening-round 63 and had a six-stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round. However, he stumbled to a closing 78 while Faldo, his playing partner that day, carded a 67 to win by five shots for his third Masters championship.[26] Norman also led the 1999 Masters on the second nine of the final round, only to falter again and finish third behind winner José María Olazábal, who won his second green jacket. Norman finished in the top five at the Masters eight times, but never won. Two-time champion Ben Crenshaw captured an emotional Masters win in 1995, just days after the death of his lifelong teacher and mentor Harvey Penick. After making his final putt to win, he broke down sobbing at the hole and was consoled and embraced by his caddie. In the post-tournament interview, Crenshaw said: “I had a 15th club in my bag,” a reference to Penick. (The “15th club” reference is based on the golf rule that limits a player to carrying 14 clubs during a round.) Crenshaw first won at Augusta in 1984. In 1997, 21-year-old Tiger Woods became the youngest champion in Masters history, winning by 12 shots with an 18-under par 270 which broke the 72-hole record that had stood for 32 years.[4] In 2001, Woods completed his “Tiger Slam” by winning his fourth straight major championship at the Masters by two shots over David Duval.[13] He won again the following year, making him only the third player in history (after Nicklaus and Faldo) to win the tournament in consecutive years,[13] as well as in 2005 when he defeated Chris DiMarco in a playoff for his first major championship win in almost three years.[13] In 2003, the Augusta National Golf Club was ta

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